#34 / 118
34Se78.971
Reactive Nonmetalssolid at STPP-block

Selenium

Group: 16Period: 4Standard Atomic Weight: 78.971 u

Why is Selenium in this position?

Understanding the scientific rationale behind Selenium's position in the periodic table:

Group Assignment
Group 16

Belongs to Group 16 (Chalcogens) because it has 6 valence electrons (4s² 4p⁴).

Period Assignment
Period 4

Belongs to Period 4 because its outermost electrons fill the n=4 shell.

Orbital Block
P-block

Belongs to the p-block because its valence electrons occupy 4p orbitals.

Chemical Category
Reactive Nonmetals

Classified as a reactive nonmetal due to its covalent bonding chemistry and photoconductive nature.

Atomic Structure & Bohr Shell Model

Shell Distribution: [2, 8, 18, 6]

Bohr Atomic Shell Model(2, 8, 18, 6)

Hover or tap any shell orbit ring to inspect electron counts and 2n² capacities.

34 Protons (p⁺)45 Neutrons (n⁰)
KShell K: Electron 1 of 2Shell K: Electron 2 of 2LShell L: Electron 1 of 8Shell L: Electron 2 of 8Shell L: Electron 3 of 8Shell L: Electron 4 of 8Shell L: Electron 5 of 8Shell L: Electron 6 of 8Shell L: Electron 7 of 8Shell L: Electron 8 of 8MShell M: Electron 1 of 18Shell M: Electron 2 of 18Shell M: Electron 3 of 18Shell M: Electron 4 of 18Shell M: Electron 5 of 18Shell M: Electron 6 of 18Shell M: Electron 7 of 18Shell M: Electron 8 of 18Shell M: Electron 9 of 18Shell M: Electron 10 of 18Shell M: Electron 11 of 18Shell M: Electron 12 of 18Shell M: Electron 13 of 18Shell M: Electron 14 of 18Shell M: Electron 15 of 18Shell M: Electron 16 of 18Shell M: Electron 17 of 18Shell M: Electron 18 of 18NShell N: Electron 1 of 6Shell N: Electron 2 of 6Shell N: Electron 3 of 6Shell N: Electron 4 of 6Shell N: Electron 5 of 6Shell N: Electron 6 of 6SeZ = 34

Educational Note: This Niels Bohr planetary model visually illustrates principal quantum energy shells ($n=1, 2, 3\dots$) and electron counts. In modern quantum mechanics (Schrödinger model), electrons do not orbit in fixed circular planetary tracks, but exist as 3D probability clouds (orbitals: $s, p, d, f$) governed by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.

Electron Shell Filling Breakdown

Shell K (n=1):2 / 2 electrons (100%)
Shell L (n=2):8 / 8 electrons (100%)
Shell M (n=3):18 / 18 electrons (100%)
Shell N (n=4):6 / 32 electrons (19%)
Aufbau Electron Configuration
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁴

Neutral ground state configuration. Valence electrons: 6.

Atomic & Quantum Properties

Electronegativity (Pauling)2.55 Pauling
1st Ionization Energy941 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity-195 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius (empirical)103 pm
Common Oxidation States+4, +6, -2
Crystal StructureHexagonal

Physical & Thermal Properties

Density at STP4.82 g/cm³ (gray)
Melting Point221 °C (494 K)
Boiling Point685 °C (958 K)
Magnetic OrderingDiamagnetic
Discovery Year1817
Discovered ByJöns Jacob Berzelius

Real-World Uses, Occurrence & Compounds

Major Industrial & Everyday Uses
  • Decolorizing green iron tint in glass manufacturing and producing ruby-red glass
  • Photovoltaic solar cells (CIGS / Copper-Indium-Gallium-Selenide)
  • Antidandruff shampoos (Selenium sulfide / SeS₂)
  • Essential dietary antioxidant supplement for glutathione peroxidase enzymes
Occurrence in Nature

Found as minor impurities in copper sulfide ores and elemental deposits around volcanic fumaroles.

Etymology & Name Origin

From Greek 'Selene' meaning the Moon (analogous to Tellurium named after Earth)

Important Chemical Compounds
SeO₂ (Selenium dioxide)
H₂Se (Hydrogen selenide)
Na₂SeO₃ (Sodium selenite)
SeS₂ (Selenium sulfide)
Interesting Chemical Facts
  • Alexander Graham Bell used selenium's photoconductive properties to build the Photophone in 1880, transmitting human speech on a beam of sunlight.
  • The 21st amino acid, Selenocysteine, contains a selenium atom and is genetically encoded directly into cellular proteins.
  • Chester Carlson used a sulfur-selenium coated zinc plate to invent the xerographic photocopying process in 1938.
Safety & Handling Note

Essential in trace amounts, but chronic overexposure causes selenosis, loss of hair/nails, and garlic breath odor.