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61Pm[145]
Lanthanides (Rare Earths)solid at STPF-block

Promethium

Group: f-blockPeriod: 6Standard Atomic Weight: [145] u

Why is Promethium in this position?

Understanding the scientific rationale behind Promethium's position in the periodic table:

Group Assignment
Group Lanthanide / Actinide

Lanthanide series element filling the 4f subshell.

Period Assignment
Period 6

Belongs to Period 6 because its outermost electrons occupy n=6.

Orbital Block
F-block

Belongs to the f-block because valence electrons fill 4f orbitals.

Chemical Category
Lanthanides (Rare Earths)

Classified as a lanthanide rare earth metal, notable for being completely radioactive.

Atomic Structure & Bohr Shell Model

Shell Distribution: [2, 8, 18, 23, 8, 2]

Bohr Atomic Shell Model(2, 8, 18, 23, 8, 2)

Hover or tap any shell orbit ring to inspect electron counts and 2n² capacities.

61 Protons (p⁺)84 Neutrons (n⁰)
KShell K: Electron 1 of 2Shell K: Electron 2 of 2LShell L: Electron 1 of 8Shell L: Electron 2 of 8Shell L: Electron 3 of 8Shell L: Electron 4 of 8Shell L: Electron 5 of 8Shell L: Electron 6 of 8Shell L: Electron 7 of 8Shell L: Electron 8 of 8MShell M: Electron 1 of 18Shell M: Electron 2 of 18Shell M: Electron 3 of 18Shell M: Electron 4 of 18Shell M: Electron 5 of 18Shell M: Electron 6 of 18Shell M: Electron 7 of 18Shell M: Electron 8 of 18Shell M: Electron 9 of 18Shell M: Electron 10 of 18Shell M: Electron 11 of 18Shell M: Electron 12 of 18Shell M: Electron 13 of 18Shell M: Electron 14 of 18Shell M: Electron 15 of 18Shell M: Electron 16 of 18Shell M: Electron 17 of 18Shell M: Electron 18 of 18NShell N: Electron 1 of 23Shell N: Electron 2 of 23Shell N: Electron 3 of 23Shell N: Electron 4 of 23Shell N: Electron 5 of 23Shell N: Electron 6 of 23Shell N: Electron 7 of 23Shell N: Electron 8 of 23Shell N: Electron 9 of 23Shell N: Electron 10 of 23Shell N: Electron 11 of 23Shell N: Electron 12 of 23Shell N: Electron 13 of 23Shell N: Electron 14 of 23Shell N: Electron 15 of 23Shell N: Electron 16 of 23Shell N: Electron 17 of 23Shell N: Electron 18 of 23Shell N: Electron 19 of 23Shell N: Electron 20 of 23Shell N: Electron 21 of 23Shell N: Electron 22 of 23Shell N: Electron 23 of 23OShell O: Electron 1 of 8Shell O: Electron 2 of 8Shell O: Electron 3 of 8Shell O: Electron 4 of 8Shell O: Electron 5 of 8Shell O: Electron 6 of 8Shell O: Electron 7 of 8Shell O: Electron 8 of 8PShell P: Electron 1 of 2Shell P: Electron 2 of 2PmZ = 61

Educational Note: This Niels Bohr planetary model visually illustrates principal quantum energy shells ($n=1, 2, 3\dots$) and electron counts. In modern quantum mechanics (Schrödinger model), electrons do not orbit in fixed circular planetary tracks, but exist as 3D probability clouds (orbitals: $s, p, d, f$) governed by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.

Electron Shell Filling Breakdown

Shell K (n=1):2 / 2 electrons (100%)
Shell L (n=2):8 / 8 electrons (100%)
Shell M (n=3):18 / 18 electrons (100%)
Shell N (n=4):23 / 32 electrons (72%)
Shell O (n=5):8 / 50 electrons (16%)
Shell P (n=6):2 / 72 electrons (3%)
Aufbau Electron Configuration
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 4f⁵ 5s² 5p⁶ 6s²

Neutral ground state configuration. Valence electrons: 7.

Atomic & Quantum Properties

Electronegativity (Pauling)1.13 Pauling
1st Ionization Energy540 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity-50 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius (empirical)185 pm
Common Oxidation States+3
Crystal StructureDouble HCP

Physical & Thermal Properties

Density at STP7.26 g/cm³
Melting Point1042 °C (1315 K)
Boiling Point3000 °C (3273 K)
Magnetic OrderingParamagnetic
Discovery Year1945
Discovered ByJacob A. Marinsky, Lawrence E. Glendenin & Charles D. Coryell

Real-World Uses, Occurrence & Compounds

Major Industrial & Everyday Uses
  • Nuclear atomic batteries (betavoltaics) providing decades of power for space probes and pacemakers
  • Luminous dials for military instrumentation and emergency exit signage
  • Precision beta-radiation thickness gauges for manufacturing plastics and metal sheets
Occurrence in Nature

Virtually non-existent in Earth's crust (< 600 grams across the entire globe); synthesized in nuclear reactors via neutron fission of uranium.

Etymology & Name Origin

From Prometheus of Greek mythology, who stole fire from the gods for mankind

Important Chemical Compounds
Pm₂O₃ (Promethium oxide)
PmCl₃ (Promethium chloride)
Interesting Chemical Facts
  • Promethium is the only rare earth element with zero stable isotopes, due to the semi-empirical mass formula pairing effect.
  • A Promethium-147 atomic battery can generate electricity continuously for up to 30 years without recharging.
  • Promethium salts glow with a greenish-blue phosphorescence in the dark as beta particles excite surrounding phosphor crystals.
Safety & Handling Note

Radioactive beta emitter; emits hazardous soft X-rays through Bremsstrahlung radiation when beta electrons strike heavy shielding.