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88Ra[226]
Alkaline Earth Metalssolid at STPS-block

Radium

Group: 2Period: 7Standard Atomic Weight: [226] u

Why is Radium in this position?

Understanding the scientific rationale behind Radium's position in the periodic table:

Group Assignment
Group 2

Belongs to Group 2 because it has 2 valence electrons in its outer 7s orbital (7s²).

Period Assignment
Period 7

Belongs to Period 7 because its outermost occupied shell is n=7.

Orbital Block
S-block

Belongs to the s-block because the differentiating electrons enter the 7s subshell.

Chemical Category
Alkaline Earth Metals

Classified as an alkaline earth metal with typical +2 oxidation chemistry.

Atomic Structure & Bohr Shell Model

Shell Distribution: [2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 2]

Bohr Atomic Shell Model(2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 2)

Hover or tap any shell orbit ring to inspect electron counts and 2n² capacities.

88 Protons (p⁺)138 Neutrons (n⁰)
KShell K: Electron 1 of 2Shell K: Electron 2 of 2LShell L: Electron 1 of 8Shell L: Electron 2 of 8Shell L: Electron 3 of 8Shell L: Electron 4 of 8Shell L: Electron 5 of 8Shell L: Electron 6 of 8Shell L: Electron 7 of 8Shell L: Electron 8 of 8MShell M: Electron 1 of 18Shell M: Electron 2 of 18Shell M: Electron 3 of 18Shell M: Electron 4 of 18Shell M: Electron 5 of 18Shell M: Electron 6 of 18Shell M: Electron 7 of 18Shell M: Electron 8 of 18Shell M: Electron 9 of 18Shell M: Electron 10 of 18Shell M: Electron 11 of 18Shell M: Electron 12 of 18Shell M: Electron 13 of 18Shell M: Electron 14 of 18Shell M: Electron 15 of 18Shell M: Electron 16 of 18Shell M: Electron 17 of 18Shell M: Electron 18 of 18NShell N: Electron 1 of 32Shell N: Electron 2 of 32Shell N: Electron 3 of 32Shell N: Electron 4 of 32Shell N: Electron 5 of 32Shell N: Electron 6 of 32Shell N: Electron 7 of 32Shell N: Electron 8 of 32Shell N: Electron 9 of 32Shell N: Electron 10 of 32Shell N: Electron 11 of 32Shell N: Electron 12 of 32Shell N: Electron 13 of 32Shell N: Electron 14 of 32Shell N: Electron 15 of 32Shell N: Electron 16 of 32Shell N: Electron 17 of 32Shell N: Electron 18 of 32Shell N: Electron 19 of 32Shell N: Electron 20 of 32Shell N: Electron 21 of 32Shell N: Electron 22 of 32Shell N: Electron 23 of 32Shell N: Electron 24 of 32Shell N: Electron 25 of 32Shell N: Electron 26 of 32Shell N: Electron 27 of 32Shell N: Electron 28 of 32Shell N: Electron 29 of 32Shell N: Electron 30 of 32Shell N: Electron 31 of 32Shell N: Electron 32 of 32OShell O: Electron 1 of 18Shell O: Electron 2 of 18Shell O: Electron 3 of 18Shell O: Electron 4 of 18Shell O: Electron 5 of 18Shell O: Electron 6 of 18Shell O: Electron 7 of 18Shell O: Electron 8 of 18Shell O: Electron 9 of 18Shell O: Electron 10 of 18Shell O: Electron 11 of 18Shell O: Electron 12 of 18Shell O: Electron 13 of 18Shell O: Electron 14 of 18Shell O: Electron 15 of 18Shell O: Electron 16 of 18Shell O: Electron 17 of 18Shell O: Electron 18 of 18PShell P: Electron 1 of 8Shell P: Electron 2 of 8Shell P: Electron 3 of 8Shell P: Electron 4 of 8Shell P: Electron 5 of 8Shell P: Electron 6 of 8Shell P: Electron 7 of 8Shell P: Electron 8 of 8QShell Q: Electron 1 of 2Shell Q: Electron 2 of 2RaZ = 88

Educational Note: This Niels Bohr planetary model visually illustrates principal quantum energy shells ($n=1, 2, 3\dots$) and electron counts. In modern quantum mechanics (Schrödinger model), electrons do not orbit in fixed circular planetary tracks, but exist as 3D probability clouds (orbitals: $s, p, d, f$) governed by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.

Electron Shell Filling Breakdown

Shell K (n=1):2 / 2 electrons (100%)
Shell L (n=2):8 / 8 electrons (100%)
Shell M (n=3):18 / 18 electrons (100%)
Shell N (n=4):32 / 32 electrons (100%)
Shell O (n=5):18 / 50 electrons (36%)
Shell P (n=6):8 / 72 electrons (11%)
Shell Q (n=7):2 / 98 electrons (2%)
Aufbau Electron Configuration
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 4f¹⁴ 5s² 5p⁶ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p⁶ 7s²

Neutral ground state configuration. Valence electrons: 2.

Atomic & Quantum Properties

Electronegativity (Pauling)0.9 Pauling
1st Ionization Energy509.3 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity-9.65 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius (empirical)283 pm
Common Oxidation States+2
Crystal StructureBCC

Physical & Thermal Properties

Density at STP5.5 g/cm³
Melting Point700 °C (973 K)
Boiling Point1737 °C (2010 K)
Magnetic OrderingParamagnetic
Discovery Year1898
Discovered ByMarie & Pierre Curie

Real-World Uses, Occurrence & Compounds

Major Industrial & Everyday Uses
  • Radium-223 dichloride (Xofigo) targeted alpha-particle radiotherapy for bone metastases in prostate cancer
  • Historical radioluminescent paint for aircraft cockpit instruments and watch hands
  • Industrial neutron radiography sources when mixed with beryllium
Occurrence in Nature

Found in uranium pitchblende (uraninite) ore at an average concentration of about one gram of radium per three tonnes of uranium.

Etymology & Name Origin

From Latin 'radius' meaning ray, reflecting its intense radioactive rays

Important Chemical Compounds
RaCl₂ (Radium chloride)
RaSO₄ (Radium sulfate)
RaCO₃ (Radium carbonate)
Interesting Chemical Facts
  • Marie and Pierre Curie processed over a ton of uranium pitchblende tailings by hand in a drafty wooden shed to isolate one-tenth of a gram of pure radium chloride in 1902.
  • In the 1920s, the tragic 'Radium Girls' painted luminous watch dials with radium paint, licking their brushes to keep a fine point and suffering horrific jaw necrosis.
  • Radium glows with a faint pale-blue radioluminescent light in the dark because its intense alpha emissions ionize surrounding nitrogen gas.
Safety & Handling Note

Extremely hazardous radioisotope; behaves as a 'bone seeker' like calcium, causing severe bone cancer and marrow damage.