#111 / 118
111Rg[282]
Superheavy / Unknownsolid at STPD-block

Roentgenium

Group: 11•Period: 7•Standard Atomic Weight: [282] u
Open Full Periodic TableView Bohr Model

Why is Roentgenium in this position?

Understanding the scientific rationale behind Roentgenium's position in the periodic table:

Group Assignment
Group 11

Belongs to Group 11 (Coinage metals) as the 6d homologue of Copper, Silver, and Gold.

Period Assignment
Period 7

Belongs to Period 7 because its outermost electrons occupy n=7.

Orbital Block
D-block

Belongs to the d-block because its valence electrons occupy 6d orbitals.

Chemical Category
Superheavy / Unknown

Classified as a superheavy transition metal.

Atomic Structure & Bohr Shell Model

Shell Distribution: [2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 17, 2]

Bohr Atomic Shell Model(2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 17, 2)

Hover or tap any shell orbit ring to inspect electron counts and 2n² capacities.

111 Protons (p⁺)171 Neutrons (n⁰)
KShell K: Electron 1 of 2Shell K: Electron 2 of 2LShell L: Electron 1 of 8Shell L: Electron 2 of 8Shell L: Electron 3 of 8Shell L: Electron 4 of 8Shell L: Electron 5 of 8Shell L: Electron 6 of 8Shell L: Electron 7 of 8Shell L: Electron 8 of 8MShell M: Electron 1 of 18Shell M: Electron 2 of 18Shell M: Electron 3 of 18Shell M: Electron 4 of 18Shell M: Electron 5 of 18Shell M: Electron 6 of 18Shell M: Electron 7 of 18Shell M: Electron 8 of 18Shell M: Electron 9 of 18Shell M: Electron 10 of 18Shell M: Electron 11 of 18Shell M: Electron 12 of 18Shell M: Electron 13 of 18Shell M: Electron 14 of 18Shell M: Electron 15 of 18Shell M: Electron 16 of 18Shell M: Electron 17 of 18Shell M: Electron 18 of 18NShell N: Electron 1 of 32Shell N: Electron 2 of 32Shell N: Electron 3 of 32Shell N: Electron 4 of 32Shell N: Electron 5 of 32Shell N: Electron 6 of 32Shell N: Electron 7 of 32Shell N: Electron 8 of 32Shell N: Electron 9 of 32Shell N: Electron 10 of 32Shell N: Electron 11 of 32Shell N: Electron 12 of 32Shell N: Electron 13 of 32Shell N: Electron 14 of 32Shell N: Electron 15 of 32Shell N: Electron 16 of 32Shell N: Electron 17 of 32Shell N: Electron 18 of 32Shell N: Electron 19 of 32Shell N: Electron 20 of 32Shell N: Electron 21 of 32Shell N: Electron 22 of 32Shell N: Electron 23 of 32Shell N: Electron 24 of 32Shell N: Electron 25 of 32Shell N: Electron 26 of 32Shell N: Electron 27 of 32Shell N: Electron 28 of 32Shell N: Electron 29 of 32Shell N: Electron 30 of 32Shell N: Electron 31 of 32Shell N: Electron 32 of 32OShell O: Electron 1 of 32Shell O: Electron 2 of 32Shell O: Electron 3 of 32Shell O: Electron 4 of 32Shell O: Electron 5 of 32Shell O: Electron 6 of 32Shell O: Electron 7 of 32Shell O: Electron 8 of 32Shell O: Electron 9 of 32Shell O: Electron 10 of 32Shell O: Electron 11 of 32Shell O: Electron 12 of 32Shell O: Electron 13 of 32Shell O: Electron 14 of 32Shell O: Electron 15 of 32Shell O: Electron 16 of 32Shell O: Electron 17 of 32Shell O: Electron 18 of 32Shell O: Electron 19 of 32Shell O: Electron 20 of 32Shell O: Electron 21 of 32Shell O: Electron 22 of 32Shell O: Electron 23 of 32Shell O: Electron 24 of 32Shell O: Electron 25 of 32Shell O: Electron 26 of 32Shell O: Electron 27 of 32Shell O: Electron 28 of 32Shell O: Electron 29 of 32Shell O: Electron 30 of 32Shell O: Electron 31 of 32Shell O: Electron 32 of 32PShell P: Electron 1 of 17Shell P: Electron 2 of 17Shell P: Electron 3 of 17Shell P: Electron 4 of 17Shell P: Electron 5 of 17Shell P: Electron 6 of 17Shell P: Electron 7 of 17Shell P: Electron 8 of 17Shell P: Electron 9 of 17Shell P: Electron 10 of 17Shell P: Electron 11 of 17Shell P: Electron 12 of 17Shell P: Electron 13 of 17Shell P: Electron 14 of 17Shell P: Electron 15 of 17Shell P: Electron 16 of 17Shell P: Electron 17 of 17QShell Q: Electron 1 of 2Shell Q: Electron 2 of 2RgZ = 111

Educational Note: This Niels Bohr planetary model visually illustrates principal quantum energy shells ($n=1, 2, 3\dots$) and electron counts. In modern quantum mechanics (Schrödinger model), electrons do not orbit in fixed circular planetary tracks, but exist as 3D probability clouds (orbitals: $s, p, d, f$) governed by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.

Electron Shell Filling Breakdown

Shell K (n=1):2 / 2 electrons (100%)
Shell L (n=2):8 / 8 electrons (100%)
Shell M (n=3):18 / 18 electrons (100%)
Shell N (n=4):32 / 32 electrons (100%)
Shell O (n=5):32 / 50 electrons (64%)
Shell P (n=6):17 / 72 electrons (24%)
Shell Q (n=7):2 / 98 electrons (2%)
Aufbau Electron Configuration
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 4f¹⁴ 5s² 5p⁶ 5d¹⁰ 5f¹⁴ 6s² 6p⁶ 6d⁹ 7s²

Neutral ground state configuration. Valence electrons: 11.

Atomic & Quantum Properties

Electronegativity (Pauling)Not available
1st Ionization Energy1020 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity-151 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius (empirical)121 pm
Common Oxidation States+3
Crystal StructureBCC (predicted)

Physical & Thermal Properties

Density at STP28.7 g/cm³ (predicted)
Melting Point1500 °C (1773 K)
Boiling Point4000 °C (4273 K)
Magnetic OrderingParamagnetic
Discovery Year1994
Discovered ByGSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research (Darmstadt, Germany)

Real-World Uses, Occurrence & Compounds

Major Industrial & Everyday Uses
  • Frontier scientific research into relativistic effects on heavy coinage metals
Occurrence in Nature

Synthesized in particle accelerators by bombarding Bismuth-209 with Nickel-64 ions.

Etymology & Name Origin

Named in honor of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, the discoverer of X-rays (Nobel Prize in Physics 1901)

Important Chemical Compounds
None (only isolated atoms produced)
Interesting Chemical Facts
  • • Roentgenium was named in 2004 in honor of Wilhelm Röntgen, who discovered X-rays in Würzburg, Germany in 1895.
  • • Due to extreme relativistic contraction, Roentgenium is predicted to be an ultra-noble metal that does not tarnish and exhibits an exceptionally high electron affinity.
  • • Roentgenium-282 has a half-life of approximately 2 minutes, decaying through alpha emission into Meitnerium-278.
Safety & Handling Note

Extremely radioactive; produced on a single-atom basis.

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